Enhancing Medicare PPS Service Quality and Reimbursement

Defining the Issues
Nursing homes must learn to success- fully manage elderly residents presenting with complex chronic and acute diseases only minimally stabilized after a short hospital stay. During the past ten years, governed by prospective payment, hospital Medicare inpatient stays have decreased to approximately four days. In turn, this trend is stimulating earlier transfer of more medically unstable elderly patients from the hospital to the post-acute setting. The model of care delivery therefore shifts from an integrated team of highly skilled medical specialists using high-powered technology to an environment where the same level of care is expected with fewer resources and limited technology. While, in the hospital setting, the elderly patient is assessed and treated continuously by physicians and nurses, transfer to the skilled nursing facility places the elderly resident in a setting of intermittent assessment by nurses and limited involvement by physicians usually removed from the care setting.

Care in the subacute setting is further hampered by the absence at the bedside of the most experienced nurses, who are pulled away from direct care to complete regulatory and administrative tasks and are generally overwhelmed by paperwork. The resulting model of care delivery in many nursing homes is inconsistent, fragmented, and lacks a team approach. Furthermore, the model has been focused for years on functional rehabilitation (to maximize reimbursement) and often does not appropriately address management of complex diseases or other medical needs. Ironically, inadequate stabilization of complex medical conditions frequently ensures that the elderly resident will not achieve optimal functional rehabilitation.

Much of the nursing home industry has not yet learned to successfully manage the medically complex resident in an environment of limited resources and continues to operate based on blueprints of the past, when a nursing home’s function was to provide a safe environment for elderly individuals with functional limitations to live out the remainder of their lives with appropriate support. Government reimbursement systems were designed to reward services delivered to maintain functional and daily activity needs, and nursing home care systems adapted accordingly. This approach has produced caregivers and operational systems that are unprepared to address the needs of residents with complex acute and/or chronic medical conditions.

Forging a New System
To address these difficult times, nursing homes must embrace a new system for delivering care that is disease-based and uses standardized processes that produce positive clinical and financial outcomes. The system must factor in all of the issues described above, as well as:

• integrate care across disciplines
• facilitate communication among providers, especially physicians at a distance
• define and apply the increased resources needed
• continually educate and improve the skill level of the post-acute nurse, the frontline professional caregiver in the nursing home
• reintegrate the most experienced nurses (DONs and supervisors) into the process more effectively
• provide a continuous data collection loop for ongoing analysis of outcomes
• facilitate continued improvement of system processes

The first component of the system should facilitate a comprehensive, holistic, interdisciplinary admission assessment of the resident. To appropriately care for the increased medical needs of elderly residents, the nursing home of today must determine true primary and secondary acute and chronic diseases, baseline medical data (including vitals, I&O, pain, behavior, skin, medications, labs, and IV treatments), bowel and bladder behavior, diet and nutrition behavior, functional capacity, resident and family educational needs, psychosocial needs, and care coordination (especially discharge potential and planning). To accurately and efficiently assess a resident in all these components takes real collaboration of all disciplines working as a team. Furthermore, to achieve efficiency, the team must eliminate duplicative steps in the admission process (e.g., asking the resident his/her name and age five different times).

Based on the admission assessment, the system should enable the care team to determine the relative clinical acuity of each of the resident’s medical conditions and direct the frontline clinical care process accordingly. The system should identify the most critical signs and symptoms (e.g., weight gain in congestive failure) for each disease and remind frontline caregivers to document, and supervising nurses to monitor, progress in disease management.

In addition to determining disease process, the system should identify any high-risk conditions. The elderly are at risk for many conditions (such as falls, skin ulcers, nutrition); if these conditions are not appropriately monitored, a high-risk event can result, which may, in turn, lead to hospitalization or death. If the elderly resident is identified to be at risk for such conditions, the staff can be prepared to prevent them or manage an event, should it occur. The system should support the staff throughout this process with standardized protocols for prevention and management.

After compiling the primary and secondary chronic diseases and any high-risk conditions, the system should use that information to drive frontline care delivery. The system should provide a standard nursing assessment and nurse aide report that can be easily monitored from shift to shift and day to day. The system should monitor the frontline observations and assessments based on disease-specific triggers. This process should result in alerts and reports being sent to the appropriate disciplines so that they can stay on top of and manage the care delivery process.

In the course of daily care delivery, a new acute episodic symptom (such as abdominal pain, fever, or shortness of breath) may occur that needs to be addressed appropriately. An effective outcomes system should immediately present the caregiver with an episodic protocol that addresses appropriate assessment or observations and then immediately alerts the key individuals on the team (DON, supervisor, physician), presenting them with vital statistics and medical history, including primary and secondary diseases.

Once the admission and daily care delivery process is standardized and the information is collected in a central repository, the facility is in a position to continuously evaluate and improve its clinical processes. The care delivery process can be analyzed by disease to determine where changes in the process are needed and/or where the staff will benefit from additional education.

Early Experience
For the past 18 months, Legacy Health Services, a ten-facility organization in Parma, Ohio, working with STA Healthcare, Inc., in Twinsburg, Ohio, has implemented such a system in three skilled nursing facilities. This implementation has demonstrated (1) improvement in all areas of quality and clinical outcomes; (2) enhanced staff skills, knowledge, and performance; (3) improved financial performance through optimal care delivery and documentation, and effective and efficient payer mix management; and (4) ongoing demonstration of enhanced performance to referral sources.

For each facility, the introduction of STA Healthcare’s Clinical Outcomes Management Solution (COMSÖ) System-including formal training, disease-specific education, and on-site coaching of caregiving staff by STA nurses-was carried out during the first three months of the implementation process. Implementation and oversight of the entire process within each home was led by an administrative committee of senior leaders (administrator, DON, assistant DON, and quality assurance nurse). A Performance Improvement Committee of frontline and supervisory nursing staff is responsible for monthly review and process improvement based upon the monthly Report of Outcomes and Quality Indicators for each home. Data collection was begun in month four at each home and then analyzed and reviewed independently by the chief medical officer of STA Healthcare. The Performance Improvement Process has been in place for 12 months at Facility A, ten months at Facility B, and three months at Facility C.

Nine key performance indicators summarize the improvement experienced in each home (Table 1). Pre-implementation performance indicators serve as a baseline and are compared with the most recent quarterly data for each home-Quarter 2 (April, May, and June) of 2004.

Skilled Bed Day Occupancy increased for all three homes by 25 to 108%. This increase was related to three factors: (1) more effective disease management of medical conditions for all residents, (2) resulting decline in rate of unnecessary readmission to the hospital, and (3) increasing resident referrals to the homes.

Standardized, disease-specific nursing processes produced better assessments and more complete and accurate documentation, resulting in more effective communication with physicians. As a result, medical conditions were more effectively and more rapidly stabilized, thus enabling therapists to plan, achieve, and justify more aggressive functional targets. The result was an increase in average length of stay for all residents of 5.3 to 13.2 days.

The application of standardized disease-management processes to all residents resulted in the discharge of increased numbers of skilled nursing residents to more independent settings (home, assisted living, and long-term care) in two of the three homes.

Improved disease-specific management also directly reduced rates of return to the hospital. Payers (Medicare, HMOs) and hospital providers prefer to avoid return hospital admissions for the same condition within 30 days of the original discharge. All three homes decreased returns to the hospital, both within 30 days and for the same condition (Table 1). For each hospital readmission avoided, that resident had an extended skilled nursing length of stay of 8 to 10 days.

As clinical outcomes improved, the homes began to use their performance data to market their services more aggressively to hospital discharge planners, HMOs, families, and physicians. Two of the three homes have already experienced sustained increases in referrals.

Finally, as quality and outcomes of care improve, reimbursement also increases. Coincident with the above performance improvements, all three homes showed dramatic and sustained increases in average Medicare reimbursement per resident and total Medicare reimbursement per month (Table 1). Also, the more thorough daily assessment of residents, together with more accurate and more complete documentation, enhanced RUGs scores and increased the facility Case Mix Index. This produced an associated (although not calculated for this report) positive enhancement of reimbursement for Medicaid residents.

While continuing performance improvement is the goal of each home, extrapolation of the current data from each home for Quarter 2 of 2004 on an annualized basis (Table 2), demonstrates the continuing impact of a standardized, disease-management approach to management of clinical and financial outcomes.